If you're a fan of Food Network, Top Chef, celebrity chefs, and just plain good food in general like we are, you are familiar with The Michelin Guide which was first published in August of 1900, and published regularly since. Being awarded a Michelin star is the pinnacle of success for a chef or restauranteur.
Since it's all about marketing, it makes sense that it started as a brilliant marketing scheme. It was the idea of Edouard and Andre Michelin, French brothers and tire manufacturers. In 1909, there were fewer than 3,000 cars on the road in France. (In the US, there were 4,192.) The Michelin brothers realized that they needed more cars that would require more tires in order to make their company profitable.
They published a guide for French drivers and gave away 35,000 copies. The guide provided information like maps, tire repair and replacement instructions, car mechanics listings, hotels, and gas stations. Now drivers had destinations, they would drive longer distances, and that would require replacing more tires.
Over the next few years, they published editions for other European countries and regions. Publication was suspended during WWI, but, in 1920, they started charging for the guides, stopped accepting ads, and started listing restaurants.
The brothers hired secret diners and started awarding restaurant stars in 1926. The first US edition wasn't published until 2005, and it only covered New York City.
Edouard and Andre Michelin left their careers, artist and engineer respectively, around 1888 to take over their grandfather's failing business that manufactured agricultural tools and rubber belts and hoses. In 1889, they improved the pneumatic (inflatable) tire for bicycles, making them easier to change and to repair. They easily adapted to making automobile tires and soon became leading manufacturers and innovators in the field.
Place.
If you're a fan of Food Network, Top Chef, celebrity chefs, and just plain good food in general like we are, you are familiar with The Michelin Guide which was first published in August of 1900, and published regularly since. Being awarded a Michelin star is the pinnacle of success for a chef or restauranteur.
The first criterion for becoming a Michelin star restaurant is to be lucky enough to be a restaurant in a city that Michelin visits and to be visited by the Michelin diners. So, probably we'll over 90% of restaurants in the world can never possibly be in the running. Realizing that, how much value is a Michelin star, really? (Just goes to show the Michelin brothers' marketing genius)
But anyway, here are the 16 top restaurants in the "world", at least the small part of the world they rank, in 2022.
Azurmendi Restaurant – Spain
Per Se Restaurant – New York
Robuchon Au Dome Restaurant – Macau
Le Bernardin Restaurant – New York
The Fat Duck Restaurant – UK
Alinea Restaurant – Chicago
Eleven Madison Park – New York
Osteria Francescana Restaurant – Italy
The Restaurant At Meadowood – California
The Song Of India – Singapore
Cheval Blanc – Switzerland
Le Cinq – France
Canon – Sacramento
Trailblazer Tavern – San Francisco
La Calenda – Washington
Stockhome – Petaluma
If you're a fan of Food Network, Top Chef, celebrity chefs, and just plain good food in general like we are, you are familiar with The Michelin Guide which was first published in August of 1900, and published regularly since. Being awarded a Michelin star is the pinnacle of success for a chef or restauranteur.
The first criterion for becoming a Michelin star restaurant is to be lucky enough to be a restaurant in a city that Michelin visits and to be visited by the Michelin diners. So, probably we'll over 90% of restaurants in the world can never possibly be in the running. Realizing that, how much value is a Michelin star, really? (Just goes to show the Michelin brothers' marketing genius)
But anyway, here are the 16 top restaurants in the "world", at least the small part of the world they rank, in 2022.
Azurmendi Restaurant – Spain
Per Se Restaurant – New York
Robuchon Au Dome Restaurant – Macau
Le Bernardin Restaurant – New York
The Fat Duck Restaurant – UK
Alinea Restaurant – Chicago
Eleven Madison Park – New York
Osteria Francescana Restaurant – Italy
The Restaurant At Meadowood – California
The Song Of India – Singapore
Cheval Blanc – Switzerland
Le Cinq – France
Canon – Sacramento
Trailblazer Tavern – San Francisco
La Calenda – Washington
Stockhome – Petaluma
Thing.
If you're a fan of Food Network, Top Chef, celebrity chefs, and just plain good food in general like we are, you are familiar with The Michelin Guide which was first published in August of 1900, and published regularly since. Being awarded a Michelin star is the pinnacle of success for a chef or restauranteur.
So, did you know the Michelin Man has a name? It's Bibendum, or Bib for short. He is one of the world's oldest trademarks still in active use. It was introduced at the Lyon Exhibition of 1894 and us a humanoid figure consisting of stacked white tires.
In this 1898 poster, Bib offers a toast "Nunc est Bibendum" ("Now is the time to drink"), taken from Horace's Odes (book I, ode xxxvii, line 1).
If you're a fan of Food Network, Top Chef, celebrity chefs, and just plain good food in general like we are, you are familiar with The Michelin Guide which was first published in August of 1900, and published regularly since. Being awarded a Michelin star is the pinnacle of success for a chef or restauranteur.
So, did you know the Michelin Man has a name? It's Bibendum, or Bib for short. He is one of the world's oldest trademarks still in active use. It was introduced at the Lyon Exhibition of 1894 and us a humanoid figure consisting of stacked white tires.
In this 1898 poster, Bib offers a toast "Nunc est Bibendum" ("Now is the time to drink"), taken from Horace's Odes (book I, ode xxxvii, line 1).
Person.
On August 2, 216 BC, during the Second Punic War between the Roman Republic and Carthage, Carthaginian General Hannibal surrounded and annihilated a larger Roman army in southeast Italy at the battle of Cannae. However, the war continued for 14 more years until the Romans won the Battle of Zama, ending the war.
Hannibal is regarded as one of the greatest military geniuses in history. The son of a great general of the First Punic War, Hamilcar Barca, he was raised to hate Rome.
During the Second Punic War, he famously crossed the Mediterranean and landed in Spain with about 40 African war elephants, 20-40,000 infantry, and 6-12,000 cavalry. He won numerous battles leading up to his victory at Cannae. However, all but one of the elephants had died in the Alps.
He and his forces occupied southern Italy for 15 years. Then, Roman General Scipio Africanus led a counter-invasion of North Africa, threatening Carthage, and the Carthaginian Senate ordered him home, leading to the Battle of Zama.
After the war, he became a politician, but his reforms made him an enemy of the Carthaginian aristocracy, and he went into voluntary exile. He then lived at the Seleucid court (Macedonia and surrounding area), advising the Seleucid ruler in his war against Rome. When Rome defeated the Seleucids, he fled to Armenia. There he was offered up to the Romans, but he committed suicide by poison.
John Prevas is an acknowledged expert on Hannibal, and has written a couple of major biographies.
On August 2, 216 BC, during the Second Punic War between the Roman Republic and Carthage, Carthaginian General Hannibal surrounded and annihilated a larger Roman army in southeast Italy at the battle of Cannae. However, the war continued for 14 more years until the Romans won the Battle of Zama, ending the war.
Hannibal is regarded as one of the greatest military geniuses in history. The son of a great general of the First Punic War, Hamilcar Barca, he was raised to hate Rome.
During the Second Punic War, he famously crossed the Mediterranean and landed in Spain with about 40 African war elephants, 20-40,000 infantry, and 6-12,000 cavalry. He won numerous battles leading up to his victory at Cannae. However, all but one of the elephants had died in the Alps.
He and his forces occupied southern Italy for 15 years. Then, Roman General Scipio Africanus led a counter-invasion of North Africa, threatening Carthage, and the Carthaginian Senate ordered him home, leading to the Battle of Zama.
After the war, he became a politician, but his reforms made him an enemy of the Carthaginian aristocracy, and he went into voluntary exile. He then lived at the Seleucid court (Macedonia and surrounding area), advising the Seleucid ruler in his war against Rome. When Rome defeated the Seleucids, he fled to Armenia. There he was offered up to the Romans, but he committed suicide by poison.
John Prevas is an acknowledged expert on Hannibal, and has written a couple of major biographies.
Place.
On August 2, 216 BC, during the Second Punic War between the Roman Republic and Carthage, Carthaginian General Hannibal surrounded and annihilated a larger Roman army in southeast Italy at the battle of Cannae. However, the war continued for 14 more years until the Romans won the Battle of Zama, ending the war.
At Cannae, Hannibal's force of about 50,000 was sharply outnumbered by 86,000 Romans. Hannibal still surrounded his enemy and used the double envelopment tactic, a pincer movement in which the attacking army attacks front and both flanks. It turned out to be one of the most lethal single days in war history. Only about 15,000 Roman troops survived. Panic ran through the city of Rome, with city leaders consulting all available oracles and burying four people alive as a sacrifice. Two new legions were raised, enlisting criminals debtors and even slaves.
John Prevas is an acknowledged expert on Hannibal, and has written a couple of major biographies.
On August 2, 216 BC, during the Second Punic War between the Roman Republic and Carthage, Carthaginian General Hannibal surrounded and annihilated a larger Roman army in southeast Italy at the battle of Cannae. However, the war continued for 14 more years until the Romans won the Battle of Zama, ending the war.
At Cannae, Hannibal's force of about 50,000 was sharply outnumbered by 86,000 Romans. Hannibal still surrounded his enemy and used the double envelopment tactic, a pincer movement in which the attacking army attacks front and both flanks. It turned out to be one of the most lethal single days in war history. Only about 15,000 Roman troops survived. Panic ran through the city of Rome, with city leaders consulting all available oracles and burying four people alive as a sacrifice. Two new legions were raised, enlisting criminals debtors and even slaves.
John Prevas is an acknowledged expert on Hannibal, and has written a couple of major biographies.
Thing.
Part of Hannibal's fame and success during the Second Punic War comes from his use of about 40 African war elephants in his invasion of Italy. Unfortunately, after landing in Spain and marching through the Alps, it's said that only one elephant acty survived to reach Italy.
It is not known for sure when men first equipped and trained elephants for war, but it is thought to been in India, in practice by the 6th century BC. Ancient Indian epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata both make reference to war elephants. Asian elephants were used in battle in India, China, Persia, and throughout southeast Asia.
Europeans saw war elephants for the first time during Alexander the Great's battle of Gaugamela (331 BC) when Persians used 15 elephants. Alexander's conquest of India was halted by the Nanda Empire which could minimize 3-6,000 elephants.
The elephants used by Hannibal were actually North African elephants, sized in between Asian elephants and African elephants of today; this species became extinct. It is also probable that a few Asian elephants were mixed in.
Part of Hannibal's fame and success during the Second Punic War comes from his use of about 40 African war elephants in his invasion of Italy. Unfortunately, after landing in Spain and marching through the Alps, it's said that only one elephant acty survived to reach Italy.
It is not known for sure when men first equipped and trained elephants for war, but it is thought to been in India, in practice by the 6th century BC. Ancient Indian epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata both make reference to war elephants. Asian elephants were used in battle in India, China, Persia, and throughout southeast Asia.
Europeans saw war elephants for the first time during Alexander the Great's battle of Gaugamela (331 BC) when Persians used 15 elephants. Alexander's conquest of India was halted by the Nanda Empire which could minimize 3-6,000 elephants.
The elephants used by Hannibal were actually North African elephants, sized in between Asian elephants and African elephants of today; this species became extinct. It is also probable that a few Asian elephants were mixed in.
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Person.
Jozef Teodor Konrad Kozeniowski died on August 3, 1924 at age 66. You know him by his pen name Joseph Conrad, regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language, even though he didn't speak English fluently until his 20s.
Conrad was born in the Polish Ukraine in 1857, then part of Russia. Most of the residents of the area were Ukrainian Jews, but the land was owned by Polish nobility to which Conrad's family belonged. His ancestors had long been involved in efforts to re-assert Polish independence, and his father was imprisoned for revolutionary activities. Growing up in such a family, well versed in Poland's repeated history of invasions and foreign rule, gave him a particular insight as he often wrote about places and peoples living under the heels of imperialism.
Orphaned at 11, he was handed off from one relative to another. He never liked or excelled in school, and decided at 13 that he wanted to be a sailor. That idea has to wait until he was 16 when an uncle sent him to Marseilles, France where he joined the merchant marine. He quickly became fluent in French, and had working facility for Latin, Greek, and German. Although he hated school, he was an autodidact and had a great love and knowledge of history and geography. He was quick to absorb the culture and literature of countries he visited.
Forced to give up the sea at 36, partly due to health, he turned to writing, publishing his first novel in 1895.His work soon was published regularly in magazines and newspapers, but he relied on the British government dole and loans from friends in addition to the small payments he received for writing.
His writing earned him critical acclaim and eventually some public success, but he was often frustrated that he became known as a romantic teller of exotic tales set in exotic locales when he wanted to be known as a writer with important things to say about the dark side of imperialism and colonislism.
Jozef Teodor Konrad Kozeniowski died on August 3, 1924 at age 66. You know him by his pen name Joseph Conrad, regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language, even though he didn't speak English fluently until his 20s.
Conrad was born in the Polish Ukraine in 1857, then part of Russia. Most of the residents of the area were Ukrainian Jews, but the land was owned by Polish nobility to which Conrad's family belonged. His ancestors had long been involved in efforts to re-assert Polish independence, and his father was imprisoned for revolutionary activities. Growing up in such a family, well versed in Poland's repeated history of invasions and foreign rule, gave him a particular insight as he often wrote about places and peoples living under the heels of imperialism.
Orphaned at 11, he was handed off from one relative to another. He never liked or excelled in school, and decided at 13 that he wanted to be a sailor. That idea has to wait until he was 16 when an uncle sent him to Marseilles, France where he joined the merchant marine. He quickly became fluent in French, and had working facility for Latin, Greek, and German. Although he hated school, he was an autodidact and had a great love and knowledge of history and geography. He was quick to absorb the culture and literature of countries he visited.
Forced to give up the sea at 36, partly due to health, he turned to writing, publishing his first novel in 1895.His work soon was published regularly in magazines and newspapers, but he relied on the British government dole and loans from friends in addition to the small payments he received for writing.
His writing earned him critical acclaim and eventually some public success, but he was often frustrated that he became known as a romantic teller of exotic tales set in exotic locales when he wanted to be known as a writer with important things to say about the dark side of imperialism and colonislism.
Place.
Jozef Teodor Konrad Kozeniowski died on August 3, 1924 at age 66. You know him by his pen name Joseph Conrad, regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language, even though he didn't speak English fluently until his 20s.
Conrad is probably best known for his novella The Heart of Darkness, first published in three parts in Blackwood's Magazine in 1899. Blackwood's published many accounts written by British explorers and adventurers detailing their African and Asian expeditions.
The story follows Charles Marlow who captains a ferry boat in the African interior. The river is never actually named in the book, but it's understood to be the Congo River flowing through the Congo Free State, the private colony of Belgian King Leopold II. At the time, Leopold was being harshly criticized internationally for the barbaric cruelty that was inflicted on the Congolese people in his name and to enrich his person.
In 1890, Conrad had served as an officer on board a Belgian trading company steamer in the Congo Free State, and had similar experiences to his character Marlow which provides inspiration as he was writing.
Jozef Teodor Konrad Kozeniowski died on August 3, 1924 at age 66. You know him by his pen name Joseph Conrad, regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language, even though he didn't speak English fluently until his 20s.
Conrad is probably best known for his novella The Heart of Darkness, first published in three parts in Blackwood's Magazine in 1899. Blackwood's published many accounts written by British explorers and adventurers detailing their African and Asian expeditions.
The story follows Charles Marlow who captains a ferry boat in the African interior. The river is never actually named in the book, but it's understood to be the Congo River flowing through the Congo Free State, the private colony of Belgian King Leopold II. At the time, Leopold was being harshly criticized internationally for the barbaric cruelty that was inflicted on the Congolese people in his name and to enrich his person.
In 1890, Conrad had served as an officer on board a Belgian trading company steamer in the Congo Free State, and had similar experiences to his character Marlow which provides inspiration as he was writing.
Thing.
Jozef Teodor Konrad Kozeniowski died on August 3, 1924 at age 66. You know him by his pen name Joseph Conrad, regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language, even though he didn't speak English fluently until his 20s.
Conrad's Heart of Darkness is a short novella, but it has made and continues to make a huge impact. It appears on many lists among the 100 greatest novels ever written. It deals with big issues like the question of the real meanings of "civilized" and "savage" - are the two conditions really that far removed from each other? And, of course, it is also interpreted as an attack on imperialism and racism. However, Nigerian author and Novel laureate stirred a bit of controversy some years ago when he argued that Conrad's personal racism is evident in the book.
The Heart of Darkness is in the public domain in the US and most other countries, meaning it can be published by any company. That leads to some really interesting book covers, like the ones pictured here.
Jozef Teodor Konrad Kozeniowski died on August 3, 1924 at age 66. You know him by his pen name Joseph Conrad, regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language, even though he didn't speak English fluently until his 20s.
Conrad's Heart of Darkness is a short novella, but it has made and continues to make a huge impact. It appears on many lists among the 100 greatest novels ever written. It deals with big issues like the question of the real meanings of "civilized" and "savage" - are the two conditions really that far removed from each other? And, of course, it is also interpreted as an attack on imperialism and racism. However, Nigerian author and Novel laureate stirred a bit of controversy some years ago when he argued that Conrad's personal racism is evident in the book.
The Heart of Darkness is in the public domain in the US and most other countries, meaning it can be published by any company. That leads to some really interesting book covers, like the ones pictured here.
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Person.
On August 4, 1956 Elvis Presley released "Hound Dog," written by one of the most prolific songwriting teams of the 1950s and 1960s, Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. The song was originally released by blues artist Big Mama Thornton, but, in the 1950s, music recorded by black artists, often called "race music," was not played on radio or sold in most record stores, and music venues were segregated. White artists like Elvis, Pat Boone, and others, often took blues songs, sanitized them a bit and made huge hits of them, while the original artists remained obscure. (Sad note: the actress who played Thornton in the new movie Elvis, Shonka Dukure, was found dead in her apartment shortly after the film was released last month.)
Willie Mae (Big Mama) Thornton (1926-1984) sold over 500,000 copies of her rendition of "Hound Dog" in 1952, and it was #1 on the Billboard R&B chart for 7 weeks. From Alabama, Thornton started singing in her father's church. When her mother died she left school and took a job cleaning spittoons at a local bar. In 1940 (at 14), she left home to travel with Sammy Green's Hit Harlem Revue, billed as the "New Bessie Smith." In 1951, she signed a contract with Peacock Records. The next year, she recorded "Hound Dog," the first recording of a Lieber/Stoller song. Like most black artists of the era though, Thornton saw almost no profits from her work, not even from "Ball and Chain" which she wrote. The record company did not release her recording, but kept the copyright, meaning she earned nothing when Janis Joplin made it a hit a few years later.
Thornton died in a boarding house in 1984, at age 57, due to heart and liver problems from alcoholism and obesity. She lost 355 pounds over a very short time, weighing 95 pounds at her death.
Haven't read this book, but I urge you to go to YouTube and your favorite music streamer and find her music today.
On August 4, 1956 Elvis Presley released "Hound Dog," written by one of the most prolific songwriting teams of the 1950s and 1960s, Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. The song was originally released by blues artist Big Mama Thornton, but, in the 1950s, music recorded by black artists, often called "race music," was not played on radio or sold in most record stores, and music venues were segregated. White artists like Elvis, Pat Boone, and others, often took blues songs, sanitized them a bit and made huge hits of them, while the original artists remained obscure. (Sad note: the actress who played Thornton in the new movie Elvis, Shonka Dukure, was found dead in her apartment shortly after the film was released last month.)
Willie Mae (Big Mama) Thornton (1926-1984) sold over 500,000 copies of her rendition of "Hound Dog" in 1952, and it was #1 on the Billboard R&B chart for 7 weeks. From Alabama, Thornton started singing in her father's church. When her mother died she left school and took a job cleaning spittoons at a local bar. In 1940 (at 14), she left home to travel with Sammy Green's Hit Harlem Revue, billed as the "New Bessie Smith." In 1951, she signed a contract with Peacock Records. The next year, she recorded "Hound Dog," the first recording of a Lieber/Stoller song. Like most black artists of the era though, Thornton saw almost no profits from her work, not even from "Ball and Chain" which she wrote. The record company did not release her recording, but kept the copyright, meaning she earned nothing when Janis Joplin made it a hit a few years later.
Thornton died in a boarding house in 1984, at age 57, due to heart and liver problems from alcoholism and obesity. She lost 355 pounds over a very short time, weighing 95 pounds at her death.
Haven't read this book, but I urge you to go to YouTube and your favorite music streamer and find her music today.
Place.
On August 4, 1956 Elvis Presley released "Hound Dog," written by one of the most prolific songwriting teams of the 1950s and 1960s, Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. The song was originally released by blues artist Big Mama Thornton, but, in the 1950s, music recorded by black artists, often called "race music," was not played on radio or sold in most record stores, and music venues were segregated. White artists like Elvis, Pat Boone, and others, often took blues songs, sanitized them a bit and made huge hits of them, while the original artists remained obscure. (Sad note: the actress who played Thornton in the new movie Elvis, Shonka Dukure, was found dead in her apartment shortly after the film was released last month.)
Thornton was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1984. Started in 1980, the Blues Hall of Fame did not have a physical location until 2015 when the museum opened at 421 S. Main Street, Memphis, Tennessee.
On August 4, 1956 Elvis Presley released "Hound Dog," written by one of the most prolific songwriting teams of the 1950s and 1960s, Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. The song was originally released by blues artist Big Mama Thornton, but, in the 1950s, music recorded by black artists, often called "race music," was not played on radio or sold in most record stores, and music venues were segregated. White artists like Elvis, Pat Boone, and others, often took blues songs, sanitized them a bit and made huge hits of them, while the original artists remained obscure. (Sad note: the actress who played Thornton in the new movie Elvis, Shonka Dukure, was found dead in her apartment shortly after the film was released last month.)
Thornton was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1984. Started in 1980, the Blues Hall of Fame did not have a physical location until 2015 when the museum opened at 421 S. Main Street, Memphis, Tennessee.
Thing.
On August 4, 1956 Elvis Presley released "Hound Dog," written by one of the most prolific songwriting teams of the 1950s and 1960s, Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. The song was originally released by blues artist Big Mama Thornton, but, in the 1950s, music recorded by black artists, often called "race music," was not played on radio or sold in most record stores, and music venues were segregated. White artists like Elvis, Pat Boone, and others, often took blues songs, sanitized them a bit and made huge hits of them, while the original artists remained obscure. (Sad note: the actress who played Thornton in the new movie Elvis, Shonka Dukure, was found dead in her apartment shortly after the film was released last month.)
Thornton was part of the American Folk Blues Festival your of Europe in 1965. The tour was an annual event for several years, starting in 1962. It's purpose was to introduce American blues performers, most of whom had never been outside the US, to European audiences. Performers iver the years included Willie Dixon, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, and Little Walter, among others.
The tours were hugely popular and highly influential. Among audience members at London Festival concerts were Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Brian Moon, Jimmy Page, Eric Burden, Eric Clapton, and Steve Winwood, all of whom were in the vanguard of the so-called British invasion that has a huge impact on American music.
On August 4, 1956 Elvis Presley released "Hound Dog," written by one of the most prolific songwriting teams of the 1950s and 1960s, Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. The song was originally released by blues artist Big Mama Thornton, but, in the 1950s, music recorded by black artists, often called "race music," was not played on radio or sold in most record stores, and music venues were segregated. White artists like Elvis, Pat Boone, and others, often took blues songs, sanitized them a bit and made huge hits of them, while the original artists remained obscure. (Sad note: the actress who played Thornton in the new movie Elvis, Shonka Dukure, was found dead in her apartment shortly after the film was released last month.)
Thornton was part of the American Folk Blues Festival your of Europe in 1965. The tour was an annual event for several years, starting in 1962. It's purpose was to introduce American blues performers, most of whom had never been outside the US, to European audiences. Performers iver the years included Willie Dixon, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, and Little Walter, among others.
The tours were hugely popular and highly influential. Among audience members at London Festival concerts were Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Brian Moon, Jimmy Page, Eric Burden, Eric Clapton, and Steve Winwood, all of whom were in the vanguard of the so-called British invasion that has a huge impact on American music.
Person.
Joseph Merrick was born on August 5, 1862 in Leicester England. There were no outward appearances of of any disorder until he was about five by some accounts, two by others. He started developing thick grayish skin and bony protruding lumps. Sometime as a boy, he injured his left hip which made him permanently disabled. The Merrick family attributed his condition to the fact that his mother had been frightened and knocked down by a fairground elephant while pregnant with him. Maternal impression was a common belief in 19th century Britain, that pregnant experiences can have physical effects on the child.
When his mother died, he was abandoned by his father and new stepmother, and he was forced to enter a workhouse at 17. He decided he could do better as a human exhibit. Curiosities and freaks were big draws in sideshows and circuses. He contacted a potential manager who saw the possibilities and left the workhouse for the show life. Merrick was able to accumulate a nice savings from admissions and autobiographical pamphlet sales.
A doctor, Frederick Treves, saw him and convinced him to allow medical examinations. Afterward, he returned to being exhibited, but he found a change in attitude about human exhibits. People in Britain and the rest of Europe turned against the practice. Sick with bronchitis, he was admitted to Treves' London Hospital. He and Treves developed a real friendship. The hospital staff grew accustomed to him and got to know him. He became a bit of celebrity. The Princess of Wales asked to meet him and spent time with him on a visit to his rooms. He made a few outings, including to the theater, and even took holidays out of London a few times.
In 1890, he was found dead in his room. Treves theorized that he had tried to lie down, rather than sleep sitting up as usual, but his head was too heavy and he died of asphyxia, and his dislocated neck which severed vertebral arteries.
Doctors then and now have put forward different diagnoses of his condition. It is still not settled.
Joseph Merrick was born on August 5, 1862 in Leicester England. There were no outward appearances of of any disorder until he was about five by some accounts, two by others. He started developing thick grayish skin and bony protruding lumps. Sometime as a boy, he injured his left hip which made him permanently disabled. The Merrick family attributed his condition to the fact that his mother had been frightened and knocked down by a fairground elephant while pregnant with him. Maternal impression was a common belief in 19th century Britain, that pregnant experiences can have physical effects on the child.
When his mother died, he was abandoned by his father and new stepmother, and he was forced to enter a workhouse at 17. He decided he could do better as a human exhibit. Curiosities and freaks were big draws in sideshows and circuses. He contacted a potential manager who saw the possibilities and left the workhouse for the show life. Merrick was able to accumulate a nice savings from admissions and autobiographical pamphlet sales.
A doctor, Frederick Treves, saw him and convinced him to allow medical examinations. Afterward, he returned to being exhibited, but he found a change in attitude about human exhibits. People in Britain and the rest of Europe turned against the practice. Sick with bronchitis, he was admitted to Treves' London Hospital. He and Treves developed a real friendship. The hospital staff grew accustomed to him and got to know him. He became a bit of celebrity. The Princess of Wales asked to meet him and spent time with him on a visit to his rooms. He made a few outings, including to the theater, and even took holidays out of London a few times.
In 1890, he was found dead in his room. Treves theorized that he had tried to lie down, rather than sleep sitting up as usual, but his head was too heavy and he died of asphyxia, and his dislocated neck which severed vertebral arteries.
Doctors then and now have put forward different diagnoses of his condition. It is still not settled.
Place.
Joseph Merrick was born on August 5, 1862 in Leicester England. There were no outward appearances of of any disorder until he was about five by some accounts, two by others. He started developing thick grayish skin and bony protruding lumps. Sometime as a boy, he injured his left hip which made him permanently disabled. The Merrick family attributed his condition to the fact that his mother had been frightened and knocked down by a fairground elephant while pregnant with him. Maternal impression was a common belief in 19th century Britain, that pregnant experiences can have physical effects on the child.
Merrick spent his last years in a private apartment at the London Hospital. The London Hospital opened in 1740 and has changed considerably over the years, as you see in the photos. Today's Royal London Hospital is a teaching hospital and trauma center with 845 beds. There was a small exhibit about Merrick at the site, but according to Google it's closed now, reason unknown.
Joseph Merrick was born on August 5, 1862 in Leicester England. There were no outward appearances of of any disorder until he was about five by some accounts, two by others. He started developing thick grayish skin and bony protruding lumps. Sometime as a boy, he injured his left hip which made him permanently disabled. The Merrick family attributed his condition to the fact that his mother had been frightened and knocked down by a fairground elephant while pregnant with him. Maternal impression was a common belief in 19th century Britain, that pregnant experiences can have physical effects on the child.
Merrick spent his last years in a private apartment at the London Hospital. The London Hospital opened in 1740 and has changed considerably over the years, as you see in the photos. Today's Royal London Hospital is a teaching hospital and trauma center with 845 beds. There was a small exhibit about Merrick at the site, but according to Google it's closed now, reason unknown.
Thing.
Joseph Merrick was born on August 5, 1862 in Leicester England. There were no outward appearances of of any disorder until he was about five by some accounts, two by others. He started developing thick grayish skin and bony protruding lumps. Sometime as a boy, he injured his left hip which made him permanently disabled. The Merrick family attributed his condition to the fact that his mother had been frightened and knocked down by a fairground elephant while pregnant with him. Maternal impression was a common belief in 19th century Britain, that pregnant experiences can have physical effects on the child.
From Wikipedia:
"Maternal impression, according to a long-discredited medical theory, was a phenomenon that explained the existence of birth defects and congenital disorders. The theory stated that an emotional stimulus experienced by a pregnant woman could influence the development of the fetus. ... Mental problems, such as schizophrenia and depression, were believed to be a manifestation of similar disordered feelings in the mother. For instance, a pregnant woman who experienced great sadness might imprint depressive tendencies onto the fetus in her womb.
The theory of maternal impression was largely abandoned by the 20th century, with the development of modern genetic theory."
Joseph Merrick was born on August 5, 1862 in Leicester England. There were no outward appearances of of any disorder until he was about five by some accounts, two by others. He started developing thick grayish skin and bony protruding lumps. Sometime as a boy, he injured his left hip which made him permanently disabled. The Merrick family attributed his condition to the fact that his mother had been frightened and knocked down by a fairground elephant while pregnant with him. Maternal impression was a common belief in 19th century Britain, that pregnant experiences can have physical effects on the child.
From Wikipedia:
"Maternal impression, according to a long-discredited medical theory, was a phenomenon that explained the existence of birth defects and congenital disorders. The theory stated that an emotional stimulus experienced by a pregnant woman could influence the development of the fetus. ... Mental problems, such as schizophrenia and depression, were believed to be a manifestation of similar disordered feelings in the mother. For instance, a pregnant woman who experienced great sadness might imprint depressive tendencies onto the fetus in her womb.
The theory of maternal impression was largely abandoned by the 20th century, with the development of modern genetic theory."
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Person.
On August 6, 1774, Mother Ann Lee and a small group of followers arrived in New York City from Britain in order to escape religious persecution. Born in Manchester England, she was raised in a particular sect of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. She developed her own theology, teaching that celibacy and confession of sin would enable one to reach spiritual perfection. Marriage was also to be abandoned. Men and women were to live within a community, celibate and segregated, but working together to achieve perfection. During services, her followers would sometimes exhibit ecstatic dancing or convulsions, which she taught were signs of sins leaving the body, and speak in tongues. Outsiders called them Shakers. The official name of the church is the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing.
While jailed in England, she had religious visions, spoke in 72 tongues, started calling herself Ann the Word and Mother Ann. After her release, witnesses claimed she performed several miracles. Eventually, she and her followers came to believe that she was the second manifestation of Christ, in female form - proof of the equality of the sexes. She died in 1784.
Over the next fifty years, Shakers built several communities in the US, mostly in the northeast. Men and women lived in separate dormitories but worked together not only to sustain their communities, but also to grow and manufacture things that could be sold to the outside world. Their constant striving for perfection meant their goods were highly valued, and they were very innovative and capitalistic. At its height, the church probably had 6,000 members. In 1920, there were 12 active communities in the US. As of March 2022, there are two Shakers, Sister June and Brother Arnold, living in Sabbathday Lake Maine.
On August 6, 1774, Mother Ann Lee and a small group of followers arrived in New York City from Britain in order to escape religious persecution. Born in Manchester England, she was raised in a particular sect of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. She developed her own theology, teaching that celibacy and confession of sin would enable one to reach spiritual perfection. Marriage was also to be abandoned. Men and women were to live within a community, celibate and segregated, but working together to achieve perfection. During services, her followers would sometimes exhibit ecstatic dancing or convulsions, which she taught were signs of sins leaving the body, and speak in tongues. Outsiders called them Shakers. The official name of the church is the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing.
While jailed in England, she had religious visions, spoke in 72 tongues, started calling herself Ann the Word and Mother Ann. After her release, witnesses claimed she performed several miracles. Eventually, she and her followers came to believe that she was the second manifestation of Christ, in female form - proof of the equality of the sexes. She died in 1784.
Over the next fifty years, Shakers built several communities in the US, mostly in the northeast. Men and women lived in separate dormitories but worked together not only to sustain their communities, but also to grow and manufacture things that could be sold to the outside world. Their constant striving for perfection meant their goods were highly valued, and they were very innovative and capitalistic. At its height, the church probably had 6,000 members. In 1920, there were 12 active communities in the US. As of March 2022, there are two Shakers, Sister June and Brother Arnold, living in Sabbathday Lake Maine.
Place.
On August 6, 1774, Mother Ann Lee and a small group of followers arrived in New York City from Britain in order to escape religious persecution. Born in Manchester England, she was raised in a particular sect of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. She developed her own theology, teaching that celibacy and confession of sin would enable one to reach spiritual perfection. Marriage was also to be abandoned. Men and women were to live within a community, celibate and segregated, but working together to achieve perfection. During services, her followers would sometimes exhibit ecstatic dancing or convulsions, which she taught were signs of sins leaving the body, and speak in tongues. Outsiders called them Shakers. The official name of the church is the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing.
At its height, the church probably had 6,000 members. In 1920, there were 12 active communities in the US. As of March 2022, there are two Shakers, Sister June and Brother Arnold, living in Sabbathday Lake Maine.
Several former Shaker villages are now historic sites. We've had the pleasure of visiting Hancock Shaker Village in Massachusetts and Canterbury Village in New Hampshire. Both do a wonderful job of preserving and telling the Shaker story and they're well worth a visit.
On August 6, 1774, Mother Ann Lee and a small group of followers arrived in New York City from Britain in order to escape religious persecution. Born in Manchester England, she was raised in a particular sect of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. She developed her own theology, teaching that celibacy and confession of sin would enable one to reach spiritual perfection. Marriage was also to be abandoned. Men and women were to live within a community, celibate and segregated, but working together to achieve perfection. During services, her followers would sometimes exhibit ecstatic dancing or convulsions, which she taught were signs of sins leaving the body, and speak in tongues. Outsiders called them Shakers. The official name of the church is the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing.
At its height, the church probably had 6,000 members. In 1920, there were 12 active communities in the US. As of March 2022, there are two Shakers, Sister June and Brother Arnold, living in Sabbathday Lake Maine.
Several former Shaker villages are now historic sites. We've had the pleasure of visiting Hancock Shaker Village in Massachusetts and Canterbury Village in New Hampshire. Both do a wonderful job of preserving and telling the Shaker story and they're well worth a visit.
Things.
On August 6, 1774, Mother Ann Lee and a small group of followers arrived in New York City from Britain in order to escape religious persecution. Born in Manchester England, she was raised in a particular sect of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. She developed her own theology, teaching that celibacy and confession of sin would enable one to reach spiritual perfection. Marriage was also to be abandoned. Men and women were to live within a community, celibate and segregated, but working together to achieve perfection. During services, her followers would sometimes exhibit ecstatic dancing or convulsions, which she taught were signs of sins leaving the body, and speak in tongues. Outsiders called them Shakers. The official name of the church is the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing.
Today, Shaker furniture is a genre of furniture that is extremely valuable and collectible. While Shakers manufactured furniture for their own use, they also sold some pieces to neighbors to support the community. Shaker furniture reflects basic Shaker principles: simplicity, utility, honesty, and minimalism. They truly believed form followed function, no room for ornamentation or anything that didn't serve a purpose. Inlays, carvings, metal pulls, and veneers were viewed as prideful, even deceitful. Shaker furniture can be found in many art and design museums.
On August 6, 1774, Mother Ann Lee and a small group of followers arrived in New York City from Britain in order to escape religious persecution. Born in Manchester England, she was raised in a particular sect of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. She developed her own theology, teaching that celibacy and confession of sin would enable one to reach spiritual perfection. Marriage was also to be abandoned. Men and women were to live within a community, celibate and segregated, but working together to achieve perfection. During services, her followers would sometimes exhibit ecstatic dancing or convulsions, which she taught were signs of sins leaving the body, and speak in tongues. Outsiders called them Shakers. The official name of the church is the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing.
Today, Shaker furniture is a genre of furniture that is extremely valuable and collectible. While Shakers manufactured furniture for their own use, they also sold some pieces to neighbors to support the community. Shaker furniture reflects basic Shaker principles: simplicity, utility, honesty, and minimalism. They truly believed form followed function, no room for ornamentation or anything that didn't serve a purpose. Inlays, carvings, metal pulls, and veneers were viewed as prideful, even deceitful. Shaker furniture can be found in many art and design museums.
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Person.
On August 7, 1946, educator Booker T. Washington became the first black American to be commemorated on a coin by the US Mint, a half dollar. It was produced through 1951. From 1951 to 1954, the Mint produced a commemorative half dollar honoring both Washington and the famous Tuskegee faculty member, George Washington Carver. It was the last commemorative coin made by the Mint until 1982.
Booker T Washington was born into slavery in Virginia in 1856. As a young man, he worked his way through Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute and Wayland Seminary. In 1881, he was appointed to be the first leader of the new Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. He not only faced the difficulties of building a black college in Jim Crow Alabama and dealing with the tasks of building and leading a school, but he also has to spend a great deal of time and effort fundraising. He traveled the country, made speeches, and published articles about the school and his educational philosophy, which was to combine academics with learning a useful and marketable trade, enabling black Americans to "pull themselves up by their bootstraps."
He also created the "Tuskegee Machine," a bureau of promoters and speakers who spread his message. He soon forged relationships with wealthy and powerful men like Julius Rosenwald, Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, and Theodore Roosevelt who contributed financial and political support to Tuskegee and other historically black colleges.
Critics like W.E.B. DuBois attacked Washington for his gradualist approach to attaining equality. Washington believed that educated black Americans would prove themselves invaluable to the country, and political and civil rights would be recognized. DuBois and other critics believed in activism and more direct actions in order to attain rightful equality immediately. They believed that Washington's philosophy perpetuated segregation, labeling him "The Great Accommodator."
On August 7, 1946, educator Booker T. Washington became the first black American to be commemorated on a coin by the US Mint, a half dollar. It was produced through 1951. From 1951 to 1954, the Mint produced a commemorative half dollar honoring both Washington and the famous Tuskegee faculty member, George Washington Carver. It was the last commemorative coin made by the Mint until 1982.
Booker T Washington was born into slavery in Virginia in 1856. As a young man, he worked his way through Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute and Wayland Seminary. In 1881, he was appointed to be the first leader of the new Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. He not only faced the difficulties of building a black college in Jim Crow Alabama and dealing with the tasks of building and leading a school, but he also has to spend a great deal of time and effort fundraising. He traveled the country, made speeches, and published articles about the school and his educational philosophy, which was to combine academics with learning a useful and marketable trade, enabling black Americans to "pull themselves up by their bootstraps."
He also created the "Tuskegee Machine," a bureau of promoters and speakers who spread his message. He soon forged relationships with wealthy and powerful men like Julius Rosenwald, Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, and Theodore Roosevelt who contributed financial and political support to Tuskegee and other historically black colleges.
Critics like W.E.B. DuBois attacked Washington for his gradualist approach to attaining equality. Washington believed that educated black Americans would prove themselves invaluable to the country, and political and civil rights would be recognized. DuBois and other critics believed in activism and more direct actions in order to attain rightful equality immediately. They believed that Washington's philosophy perpetuated segregation, labeling him "The Great Accommodator."
Place.
Tuskegee Institute was founded on July 4, 1881 as the Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers. It was part of an election promise. Former Confederate Colonel W.F. Foster was running for re-election to the Alabama state Senate. He promised Mr. Lewis Adams that he would push for a black school if Mr. Adams got him the black vote. (The county was majority black.)
Booker T Washington began classes in 1881 in a rundown church and shanty. In 1882, he purchased a 100 acre former plantation. The students themselves did much of the construction work. By the start of the 20th century, the school occupied 2,300 acres. Today, Tuskegee University has about 3,000 students and encompasses 5,200 acres.
On August 7, 1946, educator Booker T. Washington became the first black American to be commemorated on a coin by the US Mint, a half dollar. It was produced through 1951. From 1951 to 1954, the Mint produced a commemorative half dollar honoring both Washington and the famous Tuskegee faculty member, George Washington Carver. It was the last commemorative coin made by the Mint until 1982.
Tuskegee Institute was founded on July 4, 1881 as the Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers. It was part of an election promise. Former Confederate Colonel W.F. Foster was running for re-election to the Alabama state Senate. He promised Mr. Lewis Adams that he would push for a black school if Mr. Adams got him the black vote. (The county was majority black.)
Booker T Washington began classes in 1881 in a rundown church and shanty. In 1882, he purchased a 100 acre former plantation. The students themselves did much of the construction work. By the start of the 20th century, the school occupied 2,300 acres. Today, Tuskegee University has about 3,000 students and encompasses 5,200 acres.
On August 7, 1946, educator Booker T. Washington became the first black American to be commemorated on a coin by the US Mint, a half dollar. It was produced through 1951. From 1951 to 1954, the Mint produced a commemorative half dollar honoring both Washington and the famous Tuskegee faculty member, George Washington Carver. It was the last commemorative coin made by the Mint until 1982.
Thing.
On August 7, 1946, educator Booker T. Washington became the first black American to be commemorated on a coin by the US Mint, a half dollar. It was produced through 1951. From 1951 to 1954, the Mint produced a commemorative half dollar honoring both Washington and the famous Tuskegee faculty member, George Washington Carver. It was the last commemorative coin made by the Mint until 1982.
On September 18, 1895, Atlanta was the proud host of the Cotton States and International Exposition in Piedmont Park. White visitors were somewhat surprised that day when they saw a well dressed black man on the speakers' stage. Their mouths probably fell open in shock when he was introduced and began to speak.
It was Booker T Washington, and he made perhaps his most famous speech; it came to be known as the "Atlanta Compromise." For many whites who heard and read the speech, it made Washington the leading black figure in America, a reasonable man who wasn't aggressive and demanding of civil rights, a man that could be dealt with. For black critics like W.E.B. DuBois, the speech showed Washington to be weak and accommodating, not a man who could lead black Americans to the equality that was theirs, but was being denied to them.
Washington said that blacks need not worry about civil rights at the moment. First, they should work to get an education and a marketable vocational skill. Then, they would be contributors to economic prosperity, and whites would eventually recognize them and their rights as equal. In the meantime, though, the races could be as the fingers on a hand, separate in most things, but able to come together as one to get a job done. Critics saw this as acceptance of social and educational segregation.
On August 7, 1946, educator Booker T. Washington became the first black American to be commemorated on a coin by the US Mint, a half dollar. It was produced through 1951. From 1951 to 1954, the Mint produced a commemorative half dollar honoring both Washington and the famous Tuskegee faculty member, George Washington Carver. It was the last commemorative coin made by the Mint until 1982.
On September 18, 1895, Atlanta was the proud host of the Cotton States and International Exposition in Piedmont Park. White visitors were somewhat surprised that day when they saw a well dressed black man on the speakers' stage. Their mouths probably fell open in shock when he was introduced and began to speak.
It was Booker T Washington, and he made perhaps his most famous speech; it came to be known as the "Atlanta Compromise." For many whites who heard and read the speech, it made Washington the leading black figure in America, a reasonable man who wasn't aggressive and demanding of civil rights, a man that could be dealt with. For black critics like W.E.B. DuBois, the speech showed Washington to be weak and accommodating, not a man who could lead black Americans to the equality that was theirs, but was being denied to them.
Washington said that blacks need not worry about civil rights at the moment. First, they should work to get an education and a marketable vocational skill. Then, they would be contributors to economic prosperity, and whites would eventually recognize them and their rights as equal. In the meantime, though, the races could be as the fingers on a hand, separate in most things, but able to come together as one to get a job done. Critics saw this as acceptance of social and educational segregation.
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