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Person.
On August 24, 1814, British forces captured Washington DC and burned the Capitol and the Executive Mansion. While President Madison was on the outskirts of the city with troops, First Lady Dolly Madison is credited with saving many valuable objects, like this Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington. Of course, she couldn't have done it without Paul Jennings. Enslaved by the Madisons, he was an integral part of the household and wrote a memoir of his experiences, the first White House memoir, A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison.
Jennings (1799-1874) was born to an enslaved mother who told him that his father was an English trader named Jennings. He served as companion to Dolley's son, Payne Todd, then transitioned to Madison's "body servant" or valet. He and the Madisons moved into the White House when he was 10. During the burning of Washington, Jennings (15), the French chef, and a couple of other enslaved men secured the painting and some other valuables and assisted Dolley in her flight, just ahead of the British troops
He served Madison for the rest of Madison's life, and then served Dolley, who wrote a will freeing him in her death. However, suffering financial hardship, she sold him. Senator Daniel Webster purchased him six months later and freed him. In 1848, he helped plan a failed escape attempt by 77 enslaved people.
He continued to live in DC, building a house at 1804 L Street, NW. His son John lived with him, his daughter lived next door, and his two other sons lived nearby. He died in 1874.
Place.
On August 24, 1814, British forces captured Washington DC and burned the Capitol and the Executive Mansion. While President Madison was on the outskirts of the city with troops, First Lady Dolly Madison is credited with saving many valuable objects, like this Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington. Of course, she couldn't have done it without Paul Jennings. Enslaved by the Madisons, he was an integral part of the household and wrote a memoir of his experiences, the first White House memoir, A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison.
From Wikipedia:
Following the defeat of American forces at the Battle of Bladensburg on August 24, 1814, a British force led by Major General Robert Ross marched to Washington. That night, British forces set fire to multiple government and military buildings, including the White House (then called the Presidential Mansion), the Capitol building, as well as other facilities of the U.S. government. The attack was in part a retaliation for American destruction in Upper Canada: U.S. forces had burned and looted its capital the previous year and then had burned buildings in Port Dover. Less than a day after the attack began, a heavy thunderstorm—possibly a hurricane—and a tornado extinguished the fires. The occupation of Washington lasted for roughly 26 hours.
On August 24, 1814, British forces captured Washington DC and burned the Capitol and the Executive Mansion. While President Madison was on the outskirts of the city with troops, First Lady Dolly Madison is credited with saving many valuable objects, like this Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington. Of course, she couldn't have done it without Paul Jennings. Enslaved by the Madisons, he was an integral part of the household and wrote a memoir of his experiences, the first White House memoir, A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison.
From Wikipedia:
Following the defeat of American forces at the Battle of Bladensburg on August 24, 1814, a British force led by Major General Robert Ross marched to Washington. That night, British forces set fire to multiple government and military buildings, including the White House (then called the Presidential Mansion), the Capitol building, as well as other facilities of the U.S. government. The attack was in part a retaliation for American destruction in Upper Canada: U.S. forces had burned and looted its capital the previous year and then had burned buildings in Port Dover. Less than a day after the attack began, a heavy thunderstorm—possibly a hurricane—and a tornado extinguished the fires. The occupation of Washington lasted for roughly 26 hours.
Things.
On August 24, 1814, British forces captured Washington DC and burned the Capitol and the Executive Mansion. While President Madison was on the outskirts of the city with troops, First Lady Dolly Madison is credited with saving many valuable objects, like this Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington. Of course, she couldn't have done it without Paul Jennings. Enslaved by the Madisons, he was an integral part of the household and wrote a memoir of his experiences, the first White House memoir, A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison.
From The White House Historical Association:
Completed in 1797, Gilbert Stuart’s painting of was the first piece of artwork purchased for display in the White House.
On August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812, British troops invaded Washington, D.C. First Lady Dolley Madison ordered the Washington painting to be saved, and it was taken down off the wall and sent out of harm’s way by a group of individuals--Jean Pierre Sioussat, the White House steward; Paul Jennings, an enslaved worker; Thomas McGrath, the White House gardener; and two men from New York, Jacob Barker and Robert G.L. De Peyster. Later that night, British troops set fire to the White House and destroyed many of the first family’s possessions. They could not, however, claim the capture or destruction of George Washington’s famous portrait. The portrait currently hangs in the East Room of the White House, paired with a full-length portrait of Martha Washington.
On August 24, 1814, British forces captured Washington DC and burned the Capitol and the Executive Mansion. While President Madison was on the outskirts of the city with troops, First Lady Dolly Madison is credited with saving many valuable objects, like this Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington. Of course, she couldn't have done it without Paul Jennings. Enslaved by the Madisons, he was an integral part of the household and wrote a memoir of his experiences, the first White House memoir, A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison.
From The White House Historical Association:
Completed in 1797, Gilbert Stuart’s painting of was the first piece of artwork purchased for display in the White House.
On August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812, British troops invaded Washington, D.C. First Lady Dolley Madison ordered the Washington painting to be saved, and it was taken down off the wall and sent out of harm’s way by a group of individuals--Jean Pierre Sioussat, the White House steward; Paul Jennings, an enslaved worker; Thomas McGrath, the White House gardener; and two men from New York, Jacob Barker and Robert G.L. De Peyster. Later that night, British troops set fire to the White House and destroyed many of the first family’s possessions. They could not, however, claim the capture or destruction of George Washington’s famous portrait. The portrait currently hangs in the East Room of the White House, paired with a full-length portrait of Martha Washington.
Person.
On August 25, 1835, the first of six articles, allegedly reprinted from the Edinburgh Courant, appeared in the New York Sun. The stories were written by Dr. Andrew Grant, an associate of one of one of the most respected scientists of the time, Sir John Herschel. They claimed that Herschel had discovered life on the moon using a new super telescope. The articles even contained illustrations, based on Herschel's descriptions, of bison, goats, unicorns, bipedal and tail-less beavers, and bat-winged humanoids who built temples when they weren't fluttering around.
The public was amazed. The Sun saw an increase in sales. Alas, the last article broke the news that a fire had destroyed the observatory and telescope. In 1840, a reporter, Richard Adams Locke admitted to making it all up as a satire of some astronomers' absurd claims being made at the time, including the claim that ruins of buildings, walls, and roads were visible on the moon's surface. Edgar Allen Poe accused Locke, his editor at the time, of plagiarism. Poe had written an earlier moon hoax story that was published in June 1835, but it didn't receive as much attention. Herschel was amused in the beginning, but he soon grew tired of being asked about the "discoveries "
It doesn't seem that Herschel was the target of the satire, just a respected name to attach to the story. Herschel (1792-1871) was a true polymath: mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor, photographer and botanist. He invented the blueprint. He named 7 moons of Saturn and 4 moons of Uranus. (His father, Sir William, had discovered Uranus.) He investigated color blindness, astigmatism, and ultraviolet rays. He was one of the first photographers in England. He also discovered four galaxies. And, in all of his spare time, he translated Homer's Iliad.
The Sun and the Moon takes the reader through the entire hoax and the world of 1830s journalism.
On August 25, 1835, the first of six articles, allegedly reprinted from the Edinburgh Courant, appeared in the New York Sun. The stories were written by Dr. Andrew Grant, an associate of one of one of the most respected scientists of the time, Sir John Herschel. They claimed that Herschel had discovered life on the moon using a new super telescope. The articles even contained illustrations, based on Herschel's descriptions, of bison, goats, unicorns, bipedal and tail-less beavers, and bat-winged humanoids who built temples when they weren't fluttering around.
The public was amazed. The Sun saw an increase in sales. Alas, the last article broke the news that a fire had destroyed the observatory and telescope. In 1840, a reporter, Richard Adams Locke admitted to making it all up as a satire of some astronomers' absurd claims being made at the time, including the claim that ruins of buildings, walls, and roads were visible on the moon's surface. Edgar Allen Poe accused Locke, his editor at the time, of plagiarism. Poe had written an earlier moon hoax story that was published in June 1835, but it didn't receive as much attention. Herschel was amused in the beginning, but he soon grew tired of being asked about the "discoveries "
It doesn't seem that Herschel was the target of the satire, just a respected name to attach to the story. Herschel (1792-1871) was a true polymath: mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor, photographer and botanist. He invented the blueprint. He named 7 moons of Saturn and 4 moons of Uranus. (His father, Sir William, had discovered Uranus.) He investigated color blindness, astigmatism, and ultraviolet rays. He was one of the first photographers in England. He also discovered four galaxies. And, in all of his spare time, he translated Homer's Iliad.
The Sun and the Moon takes the reader through the entire hoax and the world of 1830s journalism.
Place.
On August 25, 1835, the first of six articles, allegedly reprinted from the Edinburgh Courant, appeared in the New York Sun. The stories were written by Dr. Andrew Grant, an associate of one of one of the most respected scientists of the time, Sir John Herschel. They claimed that Herschel had discovered life on the moon using a new super telescope that used a lens 24 feet in diameter and 7 tons of weight.
Through the telescope, the articles claimed that the moon was an enchanting wonderland of fantastic flora and fauna. There was lush vegetation and white sandy beaches. In the woods, there were brown bison-like quadrupeds, and bluish single-horned goats were in a valley. There were small reindeer, mini zebras, and beavers who walked on two legs and lacked tails. The fourth article (The articles were published as if they represented daily bulletins of discoveries, breaking news.) revealed the sighting of four feet tall winged humanoids.
On August 25, 1835, the first of six articles, allegedly reprinted from the Edinburgh Courant, appeared in the New York Sun. The stories were written by Dr. Andrew Grant, an associate of one of one of the most respected scientists of the time, Sir John Herschel. They claimed that Herschel had discovered life on the moon using a new super telescope that used a lens 24 feet in diameter and 7 tons of weight.
Through the telescope, the articles claimed that the moon was an enchanting wonderland of fantastic flora and fauna. There was lush vegetation and white sandy beaches. In the woods, there were brown bison-like quadrupeds, and bluish single-horned goats were in a valley. There were small reindeer, mini zebras, and beavers who walked on two legs and lacked tails. The fourth article (The articles were published as if they represented daily bulletins of discoveries, breaking news.) revealed the sighting of four feet tall winged humanoids.
Thing.
On August 25, 1835, the first of six articles, allegedly reprinted from the Edinburgh Courant, appeared in the New York Sun. The stories were written by Dr. Andrew Grant, an associate of one of one of the most respected scientists of the time, Sir John Herschel. The stories, about fantastic, and totally fabricated, observations of life in the moon's surface caused quite a stir and increased sales.
Edgar Allan Poe accused the reporter, Richard Adams Locke, - Poe's editor at the time - of plagiarism. Poe had published "The Unparalleled Adventures of One Hans Pfaall" in June 1835, but it attracted almost no attention. He also intended it to be published in installments, but the Great Moon Hoax totally eclipsed his stories and derailed their publication. The basic story was that Hans Pfaall traveled to the moon and met with its inhabitants before returning to Earth.
Nevertheless, "The Unparalleled Adventures of One Hans Pfaall" and another story, "The Adventures of Arthur Gordon Pym," are generally regarded as being among the earliest science fiction stories ever written. Poe is regarded as one of the inventors of the genre. "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" also makes him an inventor of the detective story.
On August 25, 1835, the first of six articles, allegedly reprinted from the Edinburgh Courant, appeared in the New York Sun. The stories were written by Dr. Andrew Grant, an associate of one of one of the most respected scientists of the time, Sir John Herschel. The stories, about fantastic, and totally fabricated, observations of life in the moon's surface caused quite a stir and increased sales.
Edgar Allan Poe accused the reporter, Richard Adams Locke, - Poe's editor at the time - of plagiarism. Poe had published "The Unparalleled Adventures of One Hans Pfaall" in June 1835, but it attracted almost no attention. He also intended it to be published in installments, but the Great Moon Hoax totally eclipsed his stories and derailed their publication. The basic story was that Hans Pfaall traveled to the moon and met with its inhabitants before returning to Earth.
Nevertheless, "The Unparalleled Adventures of One Hans Pfaall" and another story, "The Adventures of Arthur Gordon Pym," are generally regarded as being among the earliest science fiction stories ever written. Poe is regarded as one of the inventors of the genre. "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" also makes him an inventor of the detective story.
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Person.
Charles Lindbergh (born 1902) died on August 26, 1974.
After he became the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic in 1927, Lindbergh became perhaps the most famous man in the world. He and his family had few moments away from crowds of admirers and reporters. This was even more true after his oldest son was kidnapped and murdered in 1932. The media frenzy led him to take his family to Europe for the last half of the 1930s.
As Europe marched toward war, Lindbergh became the leading figure of the anti-interventionist, neutrality at all costs, America First movement. Determined to avoid being dragged into another European war, many Americans wanted the US to remain neutral, and America's greatest hero, "The Lone Eagle," brought considerable clout and celebrity to their cause. Besides neutrality, he was a staunch anticommunist and a firm believer in eugenics and Nordicism (Nordic racial superiority). His views on race and eugenics were often quoted by the German propaganda machine, and he was treated as a hero on his visits to Nazi Germany, even receiving medals from Air Marshal Goering. Although he did condemn concentration camps and Nazi treatment of Jews, he often made anti-Semitic remarks and had a long friendship with fellow Jew-hater Henry Ford, who once said "When Charles comes (to visit)..., we only talk about the Jews." While considered a Nazi sympathizer by most historians, he never voiced or wrote anything so explicit.
Lindbergh had six children with his wife Anne, but in the 1980s, another Lindbergh mystery started unraveling. Beginning in 1957, he started three separate and secret German families: 3 children with one woman, 2 with her sister, and 2 more with his former private secretary. One of the German children put the facts together, but waited until her mother and Anne Lindbergh were both dead to go public.
The Plot Against America (also HBO series) imagines an America in which Lindbergh had won the Presidency in 1940 (He flirted with running.)
Charles Lindbergh (born 1902) died on August 26, 1974.
After he became the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic in 1927, Lindbergh became perhaps the most famous man in the world. He and his family had few moments away from crowds of admirers and reporters. This was even more true after his oldest son was kidnapped and murdered in 1932. The media frenzy led him to take his family to Europe for the last half of the 1930s.
As Europe marched toward war, Lindbergh became the leading figure of the anti-interventionist, neutrality at all costs, America First movement. Determined to avoid being dragged into another European war, many Americans wanted the US to remain neutral, and America's greatest hero, "The Lone Eagle," brought considerable clout and celebrity to their cause. Besides neutrality, he was a staunch anticommunist and a firm believer in eugenics and Nordicism (Nordic racial superiority). His views on race and eugenics were often quoted by the German propaganda machine, and he was treated as a hero on his visits to Nazi Germany, even receiving medals from Air Marshal Goering. Although he did condemn concentration camps and Nazi treatment of Jews, he often made anti-Semitic remarks and had a long friendship with fellow Jew-hater Henry Ford, who once said "When Charles comes (to visit)..., we only talk about the Jews." While considered a Nazi sympathizer by most historians, he never voiced or wrote anything so explicit.
Lindbergh had six children with his wife Anne, but in the 1980s, another Lindbergh mystery started unraveling. Beginning in 1957, he started three separate and secret German families: 3 children with one woman, 2 with her sister, and 2 more with his former private secretary. One of the German children put the facts together, but waited until her mother and Anne Lindbergh were both dead to go public.
The Plot Against America (also HBO series) imagines an America in which Lindbergh had won the Presidency in 1940 (He flirted with running.)
Place.
Charles Lindbergh (born 1902) died on August 26, 1974.
After he became the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic in 1927, Lindbergh became perhaps the most famous man in the world. He and his family had few moments away from crowds of admirers and reporters. This was even more true after his oldest son was kidnapped and murdered in 1932. The media frenzy led him to take his family to Europe for the last half of the 1930s.
On March 1, 1932, Charles Augustus Lindbergh Jr., 20-months-old, was abducted from his crib in the upper floor of the Lindberghs' home, Highfields, in East Amwell, New Jersey, United States. On May 12, the child's corpse was discovered by a truck driver by the side of a nearby road. Contrary to the contemporary headline, it's thought that the child may have fallen or been dropped in the kidnapping, resulting in his death.
In September 1934, a German immigrant carpenter named Bruno Richard Hauptmann was arrested for the crime. After a trial that lasted from January 2 to February 13, 1935, he was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to death. Despite his conviction, he continued to profess his innocence, but all appeals failed and he was executed in the electric chair at the New Jersey State Prison on April 3, 1936. The crime spurred Congress to pass the Federal Kidnapping Act, commonly called the "Little Lindbergh Law" which made transporting a kidnapping victim across state lines a federal crime.
$14,000 of the ransom money and other pieces of evidence were found in Hauptmann's garage. He claimed that those items belonged to a friend. No one else was ever tried. There have been authors and analysts who have supported Hauptmann's innocence and put forward other theories.
Charles Lindbergh (born 1902) died on August 26, 1974.
After he became the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic in 1927, Lindbergh became perhaps the most famous man in the world. He and his family had few moments away from crowds of admirers and reporters. This was even more true after his oldest son was kidnapped and murdered in 1932. The media frenzy led him to take his family to Europe for the last half of the 1930s.
On March 1, 1932, Charles Augustus Lindbergh Jr., 20-months-old, was abducted from his crib in the upper floor of the Lindberghs' home, Highfields, in East Amwell, New Jersey, United States. On May 12, the child's corpse was discovered by a truck driver by the side of a nearby road. Contrary to the contemporary headline, it's thought that the child may have fallen or been dropped in the kidnapping, resulting in his death.
In September 1934, a German immigrant carpenter named Bruno Richard Hauptmann was arrested for the crime. After a trial that lasted from January 2 to February 13, 1935, he was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to death. Despite his conviction, he continued to profess his innocence, but all appeals failed and he was executed in the electric chair at the New Jersey State Prison on April 3, 1936. The crime spurred Congress to pass the Federal Kidnapping Act, commonly called the "Little Lindbergh Law" which made transporting a kidnapping victim across state lines a federal crime.
$14,000 of the ransom money and other pieces of evidence were found in Hauptmann's garage. He claimed that those items belonged to a friend. No one else was ever tried. There have been authors and analysts who have supported Hauptmann's innocence and put forward other theories.
Thing.
Charles Lindbergh (born 1902) died on August 26, 1974.
Besides pilot, celebrity, anti-Semite, political activist, eugenicist, possible Nazi sympathizer, nearly a presidential candidate, and serial adulterer, Charles Lindbergh was an inventor.
In 1931, he started working with Nobel prize winning Dr. Alexis Carrel, and, in 1935, their collaboration produced a perfusion pump.
The glass pump was used to preserve animal organs outside the body, by pushing "artificial blood" through the pump and into the organ by way of a tube connected to the organ's artery keeping the organ alive for weeks. The Lindbergh-Carrel perfusion pump led to the development of the heart-lung machine and the feasibility of stopping the heart for open-heart surgery. Only a couple of dozen were produced, but these three are in the collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.
Lindbergh was inspired by his wife's sister's heart condition. Heart surgery of the type she required was not feasible because the heart would be stopped too long. This pump, although very simple in design, made certain surgeries more possible. Over the next few years, improved devices made Lindbergh's pump obsolete.
Charles Lindbergh (born 1902) died on August 26, 1974.
Besides pilot, celebrity, anti-Semite, political activist, eugenicist, possible Nazi sympathizer, nearly a presidential candidate, and serial adulterer, Charles Lindbergh was an inventor.
In 1931, he started working with Nobel prize winning Dr. Alexis Carrel, and, in 1935, their collaboration produced a perfusion pump.
The glass pump was used to preserve animal organs outside the body, by pushing "artificial blood" through the pump and into the organ by way of a tube connected to the organ's artery keeping the organ alive for weeks. The Lindbergh-Carrel perfusion pump led to the development of the heart-lung machine and the feasibility of stopping the heart for open-heart surgery. Only a couple of dozen were produced, but these three are in the collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.
Lindbergh was inspired by his wife's sister's heart condition. Heart surgery of the type she required was not feasible because the heart would be stopped too long. This pump, although very simple in design, made certain surgeries more possible. Over the next few years, improved devices made Lindbergh's pump obsolete.
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Person.
Emmanuel Radnitzky was born in Philadelphia on August 27 1890. (Died 1976) He was better known as Man Ray. He called himself a painter first, but he is best known for his avant garde photography. He's considered one of the great artists of the Dada and Surrealist movements, although he would object to being classified.
During his lifetime, he revealed almost no personal details of his life. He was born to Jewish immigrants. He followed his older brother's lead in changing his name to Ray to fend off anti-Semitism. His father worked in the garment industry, and the family did tailoring in their home. Ray's art contains mannequins, flat irons, sewing machines, needles, pins, threads, fabric swatches, even though he wished to dissociate himself from his family background.
He experimented with various art forms, including collages, filmmaking, kinetic art, and readymades ( repurposing an ordinary object as something else). He worked with artists like Marcel Duchamp and Salvador Dali from time to time, and his work appeared in the first ever Surrealist exhibition alongside the work of Jean Arp, Joan Miro, and Picasso.
Man Ray is one of the real life characters, artists and writers, appearing as minor characters in The Bones of Paris by Laurie King. (It is the second in a series, but it's not absolutely essential to read the first.) Bones is set in 1920s Paris. The Jazz Age, Surrealism, the Lost Generation, the hedonism of the Roaring 20s - it's all there as background of a mystery suspense thriller. King also writes the Mary Russell/Sherlock Holmes series pairing a 15 year old girl with the great detective to solve crimes.
Emmanuel Radnitzky was born in Philadelphia on August 27 1890. (Died 1976) He was better known as Man Ray. He called himself a painter first, but he is best known for his avant garde photography. He's considered one of the great artists of the Dada and Surrealist movements, although he would object to being classified.
During his lifetime, he revealed almost no personal details of his life. He was born to Jewish immigrants. He followed his older brother's lead in changing his name to Ray to fend off anti-Semitism. His father worked in the garment industry, and the family did tailoring in their home. Ray's art contains mannequins, flat irons, sewing machines, needles, pins, threads, fabric swatches, even though he wished to dissociate himself from his family background.
He experimented with various art forms, including collages, filmmaking, kinetic art, and readymades ( repurposing an ordinary object as something else). He worked with artists like Marcel Duchamp and Salvador Dali from time to time, and his work appeared in the first ever Surrealist exhibition alongside the work of Jean Arp, Joan Miro, and Picasso.
Man Ray is one of the real life characters, artists and writers, appearing as minor characters in The Bones of Paris by Laurie King. (It is the second in a series, but it's not absolutely essential to read the first.) Bones is set in 1920s Paris. The Jazz Age, Surrealism, the Lost Generation, the hedonism of the Roaring 20s - it's all there as background of a mystery suspense thriller. King also writes the Mary Russell/Sherlock Holmes series pairing a 15 year old girl with the great detective to solve crimes.
Place.
Emmanuel Radnitzky was born in Philadelphia on August 27 1890. (Died 1976) He was better known as Man Ray. He called himself a painter first, but he is best known for his avant garde photography. He's considered one of the great artists of the Dada and Surrealist movements, although he would object to being classified.
Man Ray is one of the real life characters, artists and writers, appearing as minor characters in The Bones of Paris by Laurie King. Much of the story takes place in and around Montmartre, a large hill in Paris' 18th arrondissement. The district contains about 150 acres and is dominated by the white-domed Basilica of the Sacre-Couer, consecrated in 1919 after its 1875 groundbreaking. Many artists and writers lived in Montmartre in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was also a very active nightclub district. In the 1920s, there were jazz clubs and clubs that offered much more adult entertainment.
Montmartre today attracts many tourists, and it's probably my favorite part of Paris. I would love to see it again.
Emmanuel Radnitzky was born in Philadelphia on August 27 1890. (Died 1976) He was better known as Man Ray. He called himself a painter first, but he is best known for his avant garde photography. He's considered one of the great artists of the Dada and Surrealist movements, although he would object to being classified.
Man Ray is one of the real life characters, artists and writers, appearing as minor characters in The Bones of Paris by Laurie King. Much of the story takes place in and around Montmartre, a large hill in Paris' 18th arrondissement. The district contains about 150 acres and is dominated by the white-domed Basilica of the Sacre-Couer, consecrated in 1919 after its 1875 groundbreaking. Many artists and writers lived in Montmartre in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was also a very active nightclub district. In the 1920s, there were jazz clubs and clubs that offered much more adult entertainment.
Montmartre today attracts many tourists, and it's probably my favorite part of Paris. I would love to see it again.
Thing.
Emmanuel Radnitzky was born in Philadelphia on August 27 1890. (Died 1976) He was better known as Man Ray. He called himself a painter first, but he is best known for his avant garde photography. He's considered one of the great artists of the Dada and Surrealist movements, although he would object to being classified.
Man Ray is one of the real life characters, artists and writers, appearing as minor characters in The Bones of Paris by Laurie King.
When Ray moved to Paris in 1921 he rediscovered an old technique of the camera less photogram, which he called "rayographs." Photograms are made by putting objects directly onto the surface of a light-sensitive material like photographic paper and exposing it to light. The photogram or rayograph became a popular technique for Dada, Constructivism, and Bauhaus artists.
Emmanuel Radnitzky was born in Philadelphia on August 27 1890. (Died 1976) He was better known as Man Ray. He called himself a painter first, but he is best known for his avant garde photography. He's considered one of the great artists of the Dada and Surrealist movements, although he would object to being classified.
Man Ray is one of the real life characters, artists and writers, appearing as minor characters in The Bones of Paris by Laurie King.
When Ray moved to Paris in 1921 he rediscovered an old technique of the camera less photogram, which he called "rayographs." Photograms are made by putting objects directly onto the surface of a light-sensitive material like photographic paper and exposing it to light. The photogram or rayograph became a popular technique for Dada, Constructivism, and Bauhaus artists.
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Person.
I finished Icepick Surgeon and immediately started a book about one of the subjects in Sam Kean's book, the botanist-pirate William Dampier. If you're a fan of the comedy series "Our Flag Means Death," inspired by real-life gentleman-pirate Stede Bonnet, you'd also be interested in Dampier.
Dampier (c. 1651-1715) was an English explorer, pirate, privateer, navigator, cartographer, and naturalist. He was the first Englishman to explore parts of Australia, before James Cook, the first person to circumnavigate the globe three times, and his journals provide copious notes on plants, animals, foods, cooking techniques, and cultures from around the world. He added dozens of words to the English language, like avocado. He was the first European to describe the making of guacamole. He is cited at least 80 times in the Oxford English Dictionary for words he introduced into English.
His travel and scientific journals and books inspired Daniel Defoe (Dampier rescued Alexander Selkirk, the abandoned sailor who inspired Robinson Crusoe.), Jonathan Swift, Charles Darwin, Alexander von Humboldt, Alfred Russell Wallace, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Joseph Banks. He collected the first data on currents, winds, and tides across all the world's oceans, a huge contribution to navigation that was used by James Cook, Horatio Nelson and countless others.
He died in London sometime in 1715, but nothing is known of the exact circumstances. His will was probated on March 23, 1715. For all of his fame, notoriety, and contributions to science, his estate was almost £2,000 in debt.
I finished Icepick Surgeon and immediately started a book about one of the subjects in Sam Kean's book, the botanist-pirate William Dampier. If you're a fan of the comedy series "Our Flag Means Death," inspired by real-life gentleman-pirate Stede Bonnet, you'd also be interested in Dampier.
Dampier (c. 1651-1715) was an English explorer, pirate, privateer, navigator, cartographer, and naturalist. He was the first Englishman to explore parts of Australia, before James Cook, the first person to circumnavigate the globe three times, and his journals provide copious notes on plants, animals, foods, cooking techniques, and cultures from around the world. He added dozens of words to the English language, like avocado. He was the first European to describe the making of guacamole. He is cited at least 80 times in the Oxford English Dictionary for words he introduced into English.
His travel and scientific journals and books inspired Daniel Defoe (Dampier rescued Alexander Selkirk, the abandoned sailor who inspired Robinson Crusoe.), Jonathan Swift, Charles Darwin, Alexander von Humboldt, Alfred Russell Wallace, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Joseph Banks. He collected the first data on currents, winds, and tides across all the world's oceans, a huge contribution to navigation that was used by James Cook, Horatio Nelson and countless others.
He died in London sometime in 1715, but nothing is known of the exact circumstances. His will was probated on March 23, 1715. For all of his fame, notoriety, and contributions to science, his estate was almost £2,000 in debt.
Place.
I finished Icepick Surgeon and immediately started a book about one of the subjects in Sam Kean's book, the botanist-pirate William Dampier. If you're a fan of the comedy series "Our Flag Means Death," inspired by real-life gentleman-pirate Stede Bonnet, you'd also be interested in Dampier.
William Dampier became one or if the first Englishmen to step foot on Australian soil when he sailed into King Sound, northwest Australia, in 1688. At the time, the mainland was called New Holland, the name the Dutch explorer Tasman had given it in 1644. He explored southward along the coast, documenting some of Australia's Flora and fauna and interacting with Aborigines, reaching what he named Shark Bay. He was prevented from circumnavigating the continent by a series of violent storms and the sinking of one of his ships. If he had made it to the east coast, he would be credited with the European discovery of Australia 50 years before Captain James Cook.
I finished Icepick Surgeon and immediately started a book about one of the subjects in Sam Kean's book, the botanist-pirate William Dampier. If you're a fan of the comedy series "Our Flag Means Death," inspired by real-life gentleman-pirate Stede Bonnet, you'd also be interested in Dampier.
William Dampier became one or if the first Englishmen to step foot on Australian soil when he sailed into King Sound, northwest Australia, in 1688. At the time, the mainland was called New Holland, the name the Dutch explorer Tasman had given it in 1644. He explored southward along the coast, documenting some of Australia's Flora and fauna and interacting with Aborigines, reaching what he named Shark Bay. He was prevented from circumnavigating the continent by a series of violent storms and the sinking of one of his ships. If he had made it to the east coast, he would be credited with the European discovery of Australia 50 years before Captain James Cook.
Things.
Words.
I finished Icepick Surgeon and immediately started a book about one of the subjects in Sam Kean's book, the botanist-pirate William Dampier. If you're a fan of the comedy series "Our Flag Means Death," inspired by real-life gentleman-pirate Stede Bonnet, you'd also be interested in Dampier.
In the course of documenting his many natural history, cultural, navigational, and other scientific explorations and discoveries, William Dampier is credited with introducing 1,000 words to the English language. Shakespeare gets credit for up to 1,700.
Here are just a few:
Avocado, Barbeque, Breadfruit, Cashew, Chopsticks, Posse, Tortilla
Read Diana and Michael Preston's book A Pirate of Exquisite Mind to learn more about the far too unknown scientist-pirate William Dampier.
Words.
I finished Icepick Surgeon and immediately started a book about one of the subjects in Sam Kean's book, the botanist-pirate William Dampier. If you're a fan of the comedy series "Our Flag Means Death," inspired by real-life gentleman-pirate Stede Bonnet, you'd also be interested in Dampier.
In the course of documenting his many natural history, cultural, navigational, and other scientific explorations and discoveries, William Dampier is credited with introducing 1,000 words to the English language. Shakespeare gets credit for up to 1,700.
Here are just a few:
Avocado, Barbeque, Breadfruit, Cashew, Chopsticks, Posse, Tortilla
Read Diana and Michael Preston's book A Pirate of Exquisite Mind to learn more about the far too unknown scientist-pirate William Dampier.
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Person.
On August 29, 1793, the revolutionary French Republic declared an end to slavery both in France and in her colonies, including Saint-Domingue, now Haiti. However the enslaved Haitians had already been fighting an extremely bloody war against the French in their quest for freedom, and the Haitian Revolution would continue until 1804. It was more than just a simple slave rebellion. In fact, "It's complicated" is a major understatement. The fighting included black, biracial, French, Spanish, British, and even Polish participants before it was done, the only slave upraising that led to the founding of a new state.
The national hero that emerged from the rebellion was Toussaint L'Ouverture (1743-1803), the "father of Haiti." L'Ouverture was born enslaved but became a freedman who identified as French and tried to climb the rigid social ladder of Saint-Domingue, as a planter, slave owner, coachman, mule driver, and miller at various times.
He joined the revolution near its start in 1791, allied with Spaniards who sought to destabilize the French colony. Then, he allied with the French after slavery was abolished, and he established control over the colony, fighting revolutionary rivals to keep his power. When Emperor Napoleon attempted to reestablish control, he again led the fight against the French. In 1802, he was invited to a parley to discuss peace, but the French arrested him and sent him to France where he died without seeing the true independence for which he had laid the foundation.
Isabel Allende is one of the biggest selling foreign language novelists in the US. In 2010, she published Island Beneath the Sea, an historical fiction epic that tells a story of Saint-Domingue and the Haitian Revolution from around 1770 through to the early 1800s, through the eyes of the young enslaved mistress of a French plantation owner
On August 29, 1793, the revolutionary French Republic declared an end to slavery both in France and in her colonies, including Saint-Domingue, now Haiti. However the enslaved Haitians had already been fighting an extremely bloody war against the French in their quest for freedom, and the Haitian Revolution would continue until 1804. It was more than just a simple slave rebellion. In fact, "It's complicated" is a major understatement. The fighting included black, biracial, French, Spanish, British, and even Polish participants before it was done, the only slave upraising that led to the founding of a new state.
The national hero that emerged from the rebellion was Toussaint L'Ouverture (1743-1803), the "father of Haiti." L'Ouverture was born enslaved but became a freedman who identified as French and tried to climb the rigid social ladder of Saint-Domingue, as a planter, slave owner, coachman, mule driver, and miller at various times.
He joined the revolution near its start in 1791, allied with Spaniards who sought to destabilize the French colony. Then, he allied with the French after slavery was abolished, and he established control over the colony, fighting revolutionary rivals to keep his power. When Emperor Napoleon attempted to reestablish control, he again led the fight against the French. In 1802, he was invited to a parley to discuss peace, but the French arrested him and sent him to France where he died without seeing the true independence for which he had laid the foundation.
Isabel Allende is one of the biggest selling foreign language novelists in the US. In 2010, she published Island Beneath the Sea, an historical fiction epic that tells a story of Saint-Domingue and the Haitian Revolution from around 1770 through to the early 1800s, through the eyes of the young enslaved mistress of a French plantation owner
Place.
On August 29, 1793, the revolutionary French Republic declared an end to slavery both in France and in her colonies, including Saint-Domingue, now Haiti. However the enslaved Haitians had already been fighting an extremely bloody war against the French in their quest for freedom, and the Haitian Revolution would continue until 1804. It was more than just a simple slave rebellion. In fact, "It's complicated" is a major understatement. The fighting included black, biracial, French, Spanish, British, and even Polish participants before it was done, the only slave upraising that led to the founding of a new state.
Saint -Domingue was a French colony in the western portion of Hispaniola from 1659 to 1804, now Haiti. The Spanish controlled the eastern half, Santo Domingo until 1844, now the Dominican Republic. Hispaniola had first been claimed for Spain by Columbus, but French buccaneers established bases on Hispaniola and Tortuga that were officially recognized as French colonies by King Louis XIV.
The economy of Saint-Domingue soon focused on slave-based agricultural plantations, and the black enslaved population exploded. Native Americans were also captured in Louisiana and shipped to Saint-Domingue. Plantations grew cattle, coffee, cocoa, coconuts, indigo, spices, tobacco, and sugar. The colony was known as the "Pearl of the Antilles," the richest colony in the French empire. By 1789, Saint -Domingue produced half of all the sugar and coffee consumed in the Americas and Europe.
Enslaved people were harshly and cruelly treated, and there was a high mortality rate, meaning large numbers of Africans were shipped in to replace the fallen labor.
On August 29, 1793, the revolutionary French Republic declared an end to slavery both in France and in her colonies, including Saint-Domingue, now Haiti. However the enslaved Haitians had already been fighting an extremely bloody war against the French in their quest for freedom, and the Haitian Revolution would continue until 1804. It was more than just a simple slave rebellion. In fact, "It's complicated" is a major understatement. The fighting included black, biracial, French, Spanish, British, and even Polish participants before it was done, the only slave upraising that led to the founding of a new state.
Saint -Domingue was a French colony in the western portion of Hispaniola from 1659 to 1804, now Haiti. The Spanish controlled the eastern half, Santo Domingo until 1844, now the Dominican Republic. Hispaniola had first been claimed for Spain by Columbus, but French buccaneers established bases on Hispaniola and Tortuga that were officially recognized as French colonies by King Louis XIV.
The economy of Saint-Domingue soon focused on slave-based agricultural plantations, and the black enslaved population exploded. Native Americans were also captured in Louisiana and shipped to Saint-Domingue. Plantations grew cattle, coffee, cocoa, coconuts, indigo, spices, tobacco, and sugar. The colony was known as the "Pearl of the Antilles," the richest colony in the French empire. By 1789, Saint -Domingue produced half of all the sugar and coffee consumed in the Americas and Europe.
Enslaved people were harshly and cruelly treated, and there was a high mortality rate, meaning large numbers of Africans were shipped in to replace the fallen labor.
Thing.
On August 29, 1793, the revolutionary French Republic declared an end to slavery both in France and in her colonies, including Saint-Domingue, now Haiti. However the enslaved Haitians had already been fighting an extremely bloody war against the French in their quest for freedom, and the Haitian Revolution would continue until 1804.
Before the Haitian Revolution, a very rigid and unique caste system had developed.
From Wikipedia:
"The first group were white colonists, or les blancs. This group was generally subdivided into the plantation owners and a lower class of whites who often served as overseers or day laborers, as well as artisans and shopkeepers.
The second group were free people of color, or gens de couleur libres, who were usually mixed-race (sometimes referred to as mulattoes), being of both African and French descent. These gens de couleur tended to be educated and literate, and the men often served in the army or as administrators on plantations. Many were children of white planters and enslaved mothers, or free women of color. Others had purchased their freedom from their owners through the sale of their own produce or artistic works. Some gens de couleur owned and operated their own plantations and became slave owners.
The third group, outnumbering the others by a ratio of ten to one, was made up of mostly African-born slaves. A high rate of mortality among them meant that planters continually had to import new slaves. This kept their culture more African and separate from other people on the island."
On August 29, 1793, the revolutionary French Republic declared an end to slavery both in France and in her colonies, including Saint-Domingue, now Haiti. However the enslaved Haitians had already been fighting an extremely bloody war against the French in their quest for freedom, and the Haitian Revolution would continue until 1804.
Before the Haitian Revolution, a very rigid and unique caste system had developed.
From Wikipedia:
"The first group were white colonists, or les blancs. This group was generally subdivided into the plantation owners and a lower class of whites who often served as overseers or day laborers, as well as artisans and shopkeepers.
The second group were free people of color, or gens de couleur libres, who were usually mixed-race (sometimes referred to as mulattoes), being of both African and French descent. These gens de couleur tended to be educated and literate, and the men often served in the army or as administrators on plantations. Many were children of white planters and enslaved mothers, or free women of color. Others had purchased their freedom from their owners through the sale of their own produce or artistic works. Some gens de couleur owned and operated their own plantations and became slave owners.
The third group, outnumbering the others by a ratio of ten to one, was made up of mostly African-born slaves. A high rate of mortality among them meant that planters continually had to import new slaves. This kept their culture more African and separate from other people on the island."
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Person.
Mary Shelley was born on August 30, 1797. Her mother, who died shortly after her birth, was author, feminist, and activist Mary Wollstonecraft, and her father was philosopher and author William Godwin. She has an unusual upbringing for the time as a result, receiving much more education, albeit informal, than most of her contemporaries, male and female.
At 17, she began an affair with married piet Percy Bysshe Shelley. With he stepsister, she and Percy began an extended European tour. She and Percy married in 1816, following his wife's suicide. They spent the summer of 1816 near Geneva Switzerland with Lord Byron and John William Polidori, writing, boating, and having deep late night conversations.
One night, they took turns reading German ghost stories, and Byron challenge himself and the others to each write a horror story. She began writing, inspired by the work of several scientists of the age who were using electricity in their experiments. The short story became a novel, Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus. In 1822, Percy drowned, and Mary returned to England, with their one surviving child (of four). She wrote a few more novels but spent much of her time editing the works of Percy and others. She died in 1851, following a decade of illness likely caused by a brain tumor.
Mary Shelley was born on August 30, 1797. Her mother, who died shortly after her birth, was author, feminist, and activist Mary Wollstonecraft, and her father was philosopher and author William Godwin. She has an unusual upbringing for the time as a result, receiving much more education, albeit informal, than most of her contemporaries, male and female.
At 17, she began an affair with married piet Percy Bysshe Shelley. With he stepsister, she and Percy began an extended European tour. She and Percy married in 1816, following his wife's suicide. They spent the summer of 1816 near Geneva Switzerland with Lord Byron and John William Polidori, writing, boating, and having deep late night conversations.
One night, they took turns reading German ghost stories, and Byron challenge himself and the others to each write a horror story. She began writing, inspired by the work of several scientists of the age who were using electricity in their experiments. The short story became a novel, Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus. In 1822, Percy drowned, and Mary returned to England, with their one surviving child (of four). She wrote a few more novels but spent much of her time editing the works of Percy and others. She died in 1851, following a decade of illness likely caused by a brain tumor.
Place.
Mary Shelley was born on August 30, 1797.
From Wikipedia:
"The Villa Diodati is a mansion in the village of Cologny near Lake Geneva in Switzerland, notable because Lord Byron rented it and stayed there with John Polidori in the summer of 1816. Mary Shelley and Percy Bysshe Shelley, who had rented a house nearby, were frequent visitors. Because of poor weather, in June 1816 the group famously spent three days together inside the house creating stories to tell each other, two of which were developed into landmark works of the Gothic horror genre: Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and The Vampyre, the first modern vampire story, by Polidori."
Mary Shelley was born on August 30, 1797.
From Wikipedia:
"The Villa Diodati is a mansion in the village of Cologny near Lake Geneva in Switzerland, notable because Lord Byron rented it and stayed there with John Polidori in the summer of 1816. Mary Shelley and Percy Bysshe Shelley, who had rented a house nearby, were frequent visitors. Because of poor weather, in June 1816 the group famously spent three days together inside the house creating stories to tell each other, two of which were developed into landmark works of the Gothic horror genre: Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and The Vampyre, the first modern vampire story, by Polidori."
Thing.
Mary Shelley was born on August 30, 1797.
Shelley was inspired by a growing branch of science called galvanism. The term was invented by Alessandro Volta in the late 18th century and comes from the name of Luigi Galvani. It involves applying electricity to muscle tissue to make it twitch or move - restoring "life ".During the 1800s, electricity was used for all sorts of medical purposes. Some tests proved promising. Most strayed into the world of quackery.
Mary Shelley was born on August 30, 1797.
Shelley was inspired by a growing branch of science called galvanism. The term was invented by Alessandro Volta in the late 18th century and comes from the name of Luigi Galvani. It involves applying electricity to muscle tissue to make it twitch or move - restoring "life ".During the 1800s, electricity was used for all sorts of medical purposes. Some tests proved promising. Most strayed into the world of quackery.
Persons.
Around this time in possibly 1142 or somewhere between 1450 and 1660, five separate Native American tribes, the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, joined together to form the Iroquois, the Iroquois League, the Iroquois Confederacy, the Five Nations (Six in the 1700s when the Tuscarora joined). The nation's shared similar cultures and spoke languages from the same family, and they made peace among themselves and agreed to unite to discuss and act together when necessary. The Iroquois also call themselves the Haudenosaunee or the Ongweh'onweh.
As you can already tell, historians don't agree on many facts about the formation of the Iroquois. Some Iroquois legends put the unification even further back, by 1000-2000 years. Legend has it that the tribes were brought together by the Great Peacemaker, an Onondaga and/or Mohawk leader named Hiawatha, and the "Mother of Nations," Jigonhsasee.
Hiawatha was a real leader (not Longfellow's Hiawatha though) who united the tribes, but we know almost nothing about him. The Great Peacemaker had the vision but was not gifted with the oratory skill to present his vision. He chose Hiawatha to be his spokesperson, and they traveled amongst the nations. Jigonhsasee is said to have provided her home as a venue for meetings of the leaders of the tribes.
The Iroquois, Huron, and Algonquin (Algongkin) nations controlled much of what is now the northeastern US and eastern Canada, often warring with each other, and, after European arrival, allying with either the French or the English in their wars of colonial conquest.
Black Robe is a great historical fiction novel (and great 1991 film). Set in the 17th century, it depicts the adventures and struggles of a young Jesuit missionary, traveling 1500 miles of wilderness to found a mission in New France. Along the way, he encounters Iroquois, Huron and Algonquin.
Around this time in possibly 1142 or somewhere between 1450 and 1660, five separate Native American tribes, the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, joined together to form the Iroquois, the Iroquois League, the Iroquois Confederacy, the Five Nations (Six in the 1700s when the Tuscarora joined). The nation's shared similar cultures and spoke languages from the same family, and they made peace among themselves and agreed to unite to discuss and act together when necessary. The Iroquois also call themselves the Haudenosaunee or the Ongweh'onweh.
As you can already tell, historians don't agree on many facts about the formation of the Iroquois. Some Iroquois legends put the unification even further back, by 1000-2000 years. Legend has it that the tribes were brought together by the Great Peacemaker, an Onondaga and/or Mohawk leader named Hiawatha, and the "Mother of Nations," Jigonhsasee.
Hiawatha was a real leader (not Longfellow's Hiawatha though) who united the tribes, but we know almost nothing about him. The Great Peacemaker had the vision but was not gifted with the oratory skill to present his vision. He chose Hiawatha to be his spokesperson, and they traveled amongst the nations. Jigonhsasee is said to have provided her home as a venue for meetings of the leaders of the tribes.
The Iroquois, Huron, and Algonquin (Algongkin) nations controlled much of what is now the northeastern US and eastern Canada, often warring with each other, and, after European arrival, allying with either the French or the English in their wars of colonial conquest.
Black Robe is a great historical fiction novel (and great 1991 film). Set in the 17th century, it depicts the adventures and struggles of a young Jesuit missionary, traveling 1500 miles of wilderness to found a mission in New France. Along the way, he encounters Iroquois, Huron and Algonquin.
Place.
Around this time in possibly 1142 or somewhere between 1450 and 1660, five separate Native American tribes, the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, joined together to form the Iroquois, the Iroquois League, the Iroquois Confederacy, the Five Nations (Six in the 1700s when the Tuscarora joined). The nation's shared similar cultures and spoke languages from the same family, and they made peace among themselves and agreed to unite to discuss and act together when necessary. The Iroquois also call themselves the Haudenosaunee or the Ongweh'onweh.
At its peak in about 1700, Iroquois control extended from what is now New York state, north into present-day Ontario and Quebec, and south into Virginia, Kentucky, and the Ohio River Valley.
The League was governed by a Grand Council, an assembly of 50 chiefs or sachems, each representing a clan of a nation. The Iroquois League inspired thoughts of unity and governance among colonial leaders like Benjamin Franklin and George Washington.
Around this time in possibly 1142 or somewhere between 1450 and 1660, five separate Native American tribes, the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, joined together to form the Iroquois, the Iroquois League, the Iroquois Confederacy, the Five Nations (Six in the 1700s when the Tuscarora joined). The nation's shared similar cultures and spoke languages from the same family, and they made peace among themselves and agreed to unite to discuss and act together when necessary. The Iroquois also call themselves the Haudenosaunee or the Ongweh'onweh.
At its peak in about 1700, Iroquois control extended from what is now New York state, north into present-day Ontario and Quebec, and south into Virginia, Kentucky, and the Ohio River Valley.
The League was governed by a Grand Council, an assembly of 50 chiefs or sachems, each representing a clan of a nation. The Iroquois League inspired thoughts of unity and governance among colonial leaders like Benjamin Franklin and George Washington.
Thing.
Around this time in possibly 1142 or somewhere between 1450 and 1660, five separate Native American tribes, the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, joined together to form the Iroquois, the Iroquois League, the Iroquois Confederacy, the Five Nations (Six in the 1700s when the Tuscarora joined).
From Wikipedia:
"The Hiawatha Belt is a wampum belt that symbolizes peace between the five tribes of the Iroquois. The belt depicts the tribes in a specific order from left to right. The Seneca are furthest to the left, representing them being the Keepers of the Western Door. Next is the Cayuga Tribe, and in the center of the belt, depicted with a different symbol, is the Onondaga Tribe, also known as the Keepers of the Central Fire. Next is the Oneida Tribe. Finally, shown farthest to the right is the Mohawk Tribe, depicted as the Keepers of the Eastern Door. The white line connecting all of the symbols for each tribe together represents the unity of the Iroquois. It also represents the gathering from the Great Law of Peace and the Iroquois Confederacy as a whole."
The belt is the inspiration for the flag of the Iroquois Confederacy.
Around this time in possibly 1142 or somewhere between 1450 and 1660, five separate Native American tribes, the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, joined together to form the Iroquois, the Iroquois League, the Iroquois Confederacy, the Five Nations (Six in the 1700s when the Tuscarora joined).
From Wikipedia:
"The Hiawatha Belt is a wampum belt that symbolizes peace between the five tribes of the Iroquois. The belt depicts the tribes in a specific order from left to right. The Seneca are furthest to the left, representing them being the Keepers of the Western Door. Next is the Cayuga Tribe, and in the center of the belt, depicted with a different symbol, is the Onondaga Tribe, also known as the Keepers of the Central Fire. Next is the Oneida Tribe. Finally, shown farthest to the right is the Mohawk Tribe, depicted as the Keepers of the Eastern Door. The white line connecting all of the symbols for each tribe together represents the unity of the Iroquois. It also represents the gathering from the Great Law of Peace and the Iroquois Confederacy as a whole."
The belt is the inspiration for the flag of the Iroquois Confederacy.
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